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Salyut

Salyut 6

Salyut 6
Salyut 6 as displayed in Moscow in 1981.
Credit: © Mark Wade

The world's first space station, developed in one year by the Soviet Union on the basis of Chelomei's Almaz station, in an attempt to upstage the American Skylab after the loss of the moon landing race to the Americans.

On 3 July 1969 the second Soviet N1 lunar launch vehicle blew up on the pad. 17 days later, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon, winning for the Americans the moon race. With the collapse of the work on the N1, the whole reason for Mishin's design bureau's existence simply vanished in the air. A new high-priority project was needed.

In terms of space stations, Mishin was thinking on a large scale. Korolev had begun development of a Multi-Module Space Base (MKBS) before 1966. However MKBS was to be launched by the N1; as long as this was not available, there would be no MKBS. Chief Designer Chelomei's military space station, the Almaz, did not require a new launch vehicle, although the UR-500 was in a period of intense 'baby sickness'. So while Mishin's TsKBEM was in a period of analysis and instability, Chelomei's Reutov and Fili factories were building space station for the Ministry of Defence.

On one of those August 1969 days, TsKBEM engineering managers Raushenbach, Legostayev, and Bashkin came to Mishin's deputy Chertok with a plan to take an Almaz spaceframe, install Soyuz systems, add a new docking tunnel with a hatch to reach the interior, and presto - a space station was finished. It would weigh only 18 metric tons, could be launched by a Proton UR-500K, and could be ready in one year. A new ECS would be required, but Oleg Suguchev and Ilya Lavrov confirmed this would not be a problem - they could develop a new system in one year, using existing pumps and components. Chertok checked with Isayev if the Soyuz engine unit could be adapted to handle a spacecraft of three times the mass and was told this was not a problem. Tentative discussions with potential allies within Chelomei's design bureau found support there as well.

The DOS 'long-duration orbiting station' was the result of this 'conspiracy' - an alliance of engineers at Mishin's TsKBEM Filial 1 and Chelomei's TsKBM (V N Bugayskiy, Khrunichev ZIKh factory director M I Rishiteh). They had got to know each other on the forced collaboration of the two bureaus on the L1 manned circumlunar project. They managed to go around their two chief designers and have the concept presented by D F Ustinov to the Central Committee of the USSR for Military Issues.

Almaz was converted to the DOS configuration by :

A meeting was needed to discuss the matter with Chelomei. This was complicated by the fact that Chelomei and Mishin refused to talk to each other. Tsybin noted that when Beria and Stalin were still alive, Stalin took care of such disputes between chief designers very easily. He had once told them 'If two communists cannot co-operate, then one of them must be an enemy. I don't have time to tell which one. Therefor you have 20 minutes. Decide yourselves'. After this, Tsybin said, 'Chelomei and I worked together like best friends'.

But Mishin was opposed to the concept - he wanted to pursue the MKBS. Afanasyev and his deputy were equally opposed, and Tyulin wouldn't support the idea either. None of them wanted to take the risk. The only chance was to get to Ustinov through Communist party channels. The opportunity came in October 1969 on the flight of engineers and management to Baikonur for the Soyuz 6/7/8 flight. Feoktistov had prepared a briefing which he presented to Ustinov.

In the euphoria after the return of the Soyuz crews, the problem was how to get Ustinov to meet further with the DOS 'conspirators'. Mishin had prohibited any meetings by TsKBEM staff with the Communist Party Secretary unless Mishin was also present. Another obstacle was that Feoktistov was not a party member; how could his presence at a party meeting be explained to Mishin later?

In any event this was simply ignored. Feoktistov was present at a party meeting with Keldysh, Afanasyev, Tyulin, Serbin, and the Ministry of Defense's party cell: Strogonov, Kravtsev, and Popov. Keldysh was mainly worried how the project would affect the N1, but was reassured that the N1 had a dedicated work force, and the L3 lunar lander spacecraft engineers and workers that would work on DOS were currently idle and had no part of that work. It was finally decided to go ahead with the DOS no earlier than January, to allow time for Ministry Decrees, approval of a work plan by the VPK, preparation of a decree for signature by the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Ministers. Work began on the project in December 1969 under the initial auspices of the Academy of Sciences.

After the meeting, convinced of Ustinov's support, the 'conspirators' were left with just a year to build the station. Engineers immediately started switch from the dead-end L3 lunar spacecraft effort to DOS. Bushuev was worried that this only sealed the fate of the N1. It was in any case important that the matter be formalized quickly. Being discovered working on it would be an embarrassment.

The biggest new development required was the docking collar and hatch unit. Semenov (L1 manager, and later head of RKK Energia) was the obvious project leader - the L1 had only two flights to go and he had demonstrated on that project the ability to maintain good communications and relations with OKB-52 and Chelomei. But how did they know whether he would support the DOS concept?

The 'conspiracy' came out in the open on 6 December 1969 Afanasyev met with the Chief Designers - Pilyugin, Ryazanskiy, V Kuznetsov, and Chelomei's Deputy, Eydis. Mishin was 'sick' and Chelomei had sent his deputy, as usual, to avoid having to meet Mishin. Afanasyev started with the demand that an Almaz flight take place within less than two years, before the end of the Eighth Five Year Plan. He asked Eydis to install an Igla passive docking system to permit docking with the station of the existing Soyuz 7K-OK as opposed to the planned 7K-S. If Chelomei's bureau could not meet this requirement, then the 'conspirator's' DOS project could be authorized in its place.

An extensive discussion of the future course of the Soviet manned space program followed. Eydis pleaded that the Almaz program not be infringed upon. If an early station was desired, completion of an Almaz could be started on 1 January. The station would not have any military systems or ECS ready, but could be modified for docking with a 7K-OK. He noted that work on Almaz had been underway since 1965, all based on the requirements of the Ministry of Defence. TsUKOS and the General Staff wanted to conduct research in reconnaissance systems - infrared, wide-spectrum, high resolution, and television transmission. Their objectives went far beyond launch of a simple space station.

Throughout these discussions Afanasyev did not praise or criticize any of the speakers. Obviously he had to formally discuss the matter with Ustinov before any decision could be made. The decisive meeting came on 26 December 1969. Ustinov called the DOS 'conspirators' to Kuibyshev Street. Mishin was sent away to Kslovodsk and Chelomei and Glushko were not invited. No one wanted to listen to any more of Glushko's diatribes about Kuznetsov's engines.

Ustinov supported presentation of the DOS concept to the Central Committee. Chelomei categorically opposed DOS and was trying to kill it through military channels. But the allure of an '18 month' station - one which would not only beat the American Skylab, but be in space in time for the 24th Party Congress - seemed too alluring. Mishin also rejected DOS, but deputies at both design bureaus supported the concept and were eager to proceed.

DOS was therefore created only when the moon project failed. Chelomei was forced to work on DOS, and it severely impacted Almaz schedules. The Salyut name was later applied to both the DOS and Almaz stations, creating the impression in the outside world that they were built by one designer.

The official ministry decrees starting the DOS and reorganizing the Almaz projects were issued in February 1970. The co-operative DOS crash program was to build a civilian space station to beat Skylab into orbit. Mishin's OIS military station was cancelled and Chelomei's Almaz would continue, but as second priority to the civilian station. The Soyuz 7K-S station ferry, the 7K-ST, would be revised to be a more conservative modification of the Soyuz 7K-OK. The OIS cosmonaut group was to be incorporated into the Almaz group.

The relevant Ministry of General Machine Building (MOM) Decree 105-41 'On creation of the DOS using Almaz as a basis' was issued on 9 February, followed by Decree 57ss 'On creation of the DOS using Almaz as a basis' on 16 February. The first station was to be completed within a year. On 15 February Ustinov had conferred with the Cabinet. They agreed that work would continue on both the lunar expedition and DOS. A formal declaration from Mishin and Chelomei to work together was required.

On 5 May 1970 Smirnov and Afanasyev settled the future course of manned spaceflight at a DOS project review. Almaz and DOS would continue in the short term, but MKBS would follow in earth orbit. Mishin's attempt to replace Almaz with his DOS-A design was defeated.

Work on the DOS station had begun in February 1970 using Almaz s/n 121 and 122. The first station was shipped in February 1971 to Baikonur, where work continued to complete it day and night without break. The station was to be called Zarya, or 'Dawn', but the name was changed just before launch to prevent confusion with the identical ground control call sign. Instead DOS-1 became known as Salyut 1. The station was launched on 19 April 1971 as Salyut 1. The triumph turned to tragedy when the Soyuz-11 crew died due to de-pressurization of their re-entry capsule during return to the earth after completion of a 21 day mission aboard the station.

Collaboration of the two chief designers did lead to some agreements, although these were contrary to government decrees. Chelomei was anxious to develop Almaz while Mishin wished to move on with the N1 booster to MKBS and the moon. On 3 February 1972 Mishin and Chelomei sent a joint letter to Afanasyev. They proposed that Almaz would take over the DOS role as a civilian station after the four DOS-1's had been launched. Faced for once with a show of unanimity, Afanasyev rejected the plan. He replied that under no circumstances was Almaz to be used for scientific research. On the other hand, DOS would require substantial rework to be capable of military research. Therefore, the designers were to keep to original plan:

Launches of the first series DOS stations continued in a desperate effort to beat Skylab into orbit with a fully successful Soviet space station mission. DOS-2, s/n 122, was destroyed in a launch vehicle explosion en route to orbit in July 1972. DOS-3, s/n 123, reached orbit as Cosmos 557 in 1973 but control was lost before a crew could be sent to the station. Chelomei launched his first Almaz the same year. It reached orbit and was designated Salyut 2 but depressurized and was abandoned before a crew could be sent.

DOS-4 finally flew successfully as Salyut 4 in 1974. The cancellation of the N1 booster in 1974 left Salyut as the only Soviet civilian manned space program.

To support operation of these stations the basic Soyuz design was modified by addition of a docking tunnel. The resulting Soyuz 7KT-OK was used with the Salyut 1 DOS space station. Following the disastrous Soyuz 11 mission, it was again reworked to the simplified Soyuz 7K-T design, which finally provided a reliable ferry craft to Salyut-4.



Subtopics

DOS 2-1 Null

DOS 2-2 Null

DOS 2-3 Null

DOS 2-4 Null

Salyut 7/TKS-2 Planned TKS manned mission to Salyut 7 station. Cancelled December 1981; TKS-2 flew unmanned to Salyut 7 as Cosmos 1443.

Salyut 7/TKS-3 Planned second manned flight of TKS ferry to the Salyut 7 space station. The crews were assigned in September/October 1979. But in December 1981 Ustinov finally killed Chelomei's plans for manned TKS flights. The TKS training group was dissolved and TKS-3 flew unmanned to Salyut 7 as Cosmos 1686.

Soyuz 10 Intended first space station mission. Hard dock with station could not be achieved. Then stuck and could separate from the station only after repeated attempts. Toxic fumes in air supply during landing overcame one astronaut.

Soyuz 11 First space station mission. Record flight duration. Main telescope inoperative. Fire in space station put out. Fail-safe valve opening during re-entry, resulted in decompression and death of entire crew.

Soyuz 12 Experimental flight for the purpose of further development of manned space craft Soyuz 7K-T modifications. After the Soyuz 11 disaster, the Soyuz underwent redesign for increased reliability.

Soyuz 12 / DOS 1 If the Soyuz 11 crew had not perished during return to the earth, the Leonov crew would have been sent for a second visit to the Salyut 1 space station. A 30-day mission duration was planned.

Soyuz 12 / DOS 2 Planned first mission to the Salyut DOS 2 space station. Cancelled after DOS 2 was destroyed during launch.

Soyuz 12 / DOS 3 Planned first mission to the Salyut DOS 3 space station (Cosmos 557). Cancelled after Cosmos 557 failed in orbit.

Soyuz 13 First Byelorussian astronaut. First space mission devoted to a single scientific instrument. A unique flight of the 7K-T/AF modification of the Soyuz spacecraft. The orbital module was dominated by the large Orion 2 astrophysical camera.

Soyuz 13 / DOS 2 Planned second mission to the Salyut DOS 2 space station. Cancelled after DOS 2 was destroyed during launch.

Soyuz 13 / DOS 3 Planned second mission to the Salyut DOS 3 space station (Cosmos 557). Cancelled after Cosmos 557 failed in orbit.

Soyuz 17 First successful Russian civilian space station mission. Docked with Salyut 4.

Soyuz 18 Docked with Salyut 4.

Soyuz 18-1 First manned spaceflight abort. During launch third stage separation failed to occur. Crew aborted to 20 G landing in mountains near Chinese border, sliding down a slope towards a cliff until their parachute snagged on a tree.

Soyuz 25 Unsuccessful mission. Failed to dock with Salyut 6 due to damage to spacecraft's docking mechanism.

Soyuz 26 Record flight duration. First mission to receive visiting crews launched aboard another spacecraft, and to be resupplied by a logistics spacecraft. First Soviet EVA since Voskhod 2. First Main Expedition aboard Salyut 6.

Soyuz 26A Planned mission to Salyut 6 that would make first docking with rear docking port and be the first crew to swap spacecraft and return in the spacecraft that ferried the Soyuz 25 crew. But Soyuz 25 failed to dock with Salyut 6.

Soyuz 27 First docking to a space station of two manned spacecraft at one time. First station 'lifeboat' swap. First crew to visit another already aboard a space station.

Soyuz 28 First Czech astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 29 Record flight duration. Docked with Salyut 6. First transfer of a Soyuz from the aft port to the front port of a space station.

Soyuz 30 First Polish astronaut. Docked with Salyut 6. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 31 First German astronaut. Docked with Salyut 6. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 32 Record flight duration. Docked with Salyut 6. Repaired the propulsion system, which had sprung leaks.

Soyuz 33 First Bulgarian astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 35 Record flight duration. Docked with Salyut 6.

Soyuz 36 First Hungarian astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 37 First Vietnamese astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 38 First Cuban astronaut. Docked with Salyut 6. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 39 First Mongolian astronaut. Docked with Salyut 6. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz 40 First Rumanian astronaut. Docked with Salyut 6. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz T-10 Record flight duration. Crew entered the failed darkened station carrying flashlights. Reactivated station, attempted propellant system repairs. After their departure the unoccupied space station abruptly ceased communicating.

Soyuz T-10-1 First manned pad abort. Launch vehicle blew up on pad, crew rescued by launch escape tower, which pulled their capsule away at 20 G's.

Soyuz T-11 First Indian astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz T-12 First woman to walk in space, accomplished for propaganda purposes ahead of plans for NASA female astronaut EVA. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz T-13 EO-4-a First manned operations in a second space station module. The three-man EO-4 TKS-3 crew conducted military experiments with the Cosmos-1686 module. Mission was cut short due to an incapacitating psychological condition developed by Vasyutin.

Soyuz T-13 EO-4-b First docking with and repair of dead-in-space station. Crew carried out emergency repairs.

Soyuz T-13A Planned mission to operate military experiments aboard Salyut 7. Cancelled due to technical and personnel problems aboard station.

Soyuz T-14 EO-4-c First manned operations in a second space station module. The three-man EO-4 TKS-3 crew conducted military experiments with the Cosmos-1686 module. Mission was cut short due to an incapacitating psychological condition developed by Vasyutin.

Soyuz T-14 Salyut 7 EP-5 Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station and conduct an inspection of the repairs conducted the Soyuz T-13 crew.

Soyuz T-15A Final 'civilian' expedition to Salyut 7 station with Buran pilot aboard for spaceflight familiarization was cancelled when control of the station was lost.

Soyuz T-15B Cancelled second crew to operate TKS-3 military experiments aboard Salyut 7. These had been left uncompleted with the early return of the EO-4-2 crew due to Vasyutin's illness.

Soyuz T-15C To have docked with Mir. Cancelled all-female flight to be launched on International Woman's Day. Breakdown of Salyut 7, exhaustion of stock of Soyuz T spacecraft, and official resistance led to cancellation of the mission.

Soyuz T-2 Test flight of new Soyuz T spacecraft; docked with Salyut 6.

Soyuz T-3 Docked with Salyut 6. Tested the improved Soyuz T; carried out repair and preventive maintenance work and some scientific and technical investigation and experiments.

Soyuz T-3A Planned but cancelled manned flight. Crew dissolved when Lazarev failed physical in early 1981.

Soyuz T-4 Docked with Salyut 6. Carried out repair and preventive maintenance work and some scientific and technical investigation and experiments.

Soyuz T-5 Record flight duration. Ejected a 28-kg amateur radio satellite from a Salyut 7 trash airlock; called this the first launch of a communications satellite from a manned space vehicle.

Soyuz T-6 First French astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz T-7 Second woman in space, launched for propaganda purposes ahead of first flight of NASA female astronauts aboard the shuttle. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz T-8 Unsuccessful mission. Igla approach system antenna was damaged during ascent; failed to rendezvous with Salyut 7. Further attempts to man Salyut 7 could not take place for two months because of launch and abort lighting constraints.

Soyuz T-9 Docked with Salyut 7. Unloaded cargo from Cosmos 1443; loaded 350 kg of payload into it for return to earth.

People: Shatalov, Lazarev, Dobrovolsky, Yazdovsky, Kolodin, Vorobyov, Gubarev, Grechko, Ponomaryov, Rukavishnikov, Makarov, Patsayev, Leonov, Yeliseyev, Kubasov, Sevastyanov, Volkov, Kovalyonok, Lebedev, Klimuk. Country: Russia. Spacecraft: Salyut 1, Soyuz 7KT-OK, Soyuz 7K-T, Salyut 4, Soyuz 7K-T/A9, Soyuz 7K-S. Flights: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1, DOS 2-1, DOS 2-2, DOS 2-3, DOS 2-4, Soyuz 12 / DOS 2, Soyuz 13 / DOS 2, Soyuz 12 / DOS 3, Soyuz 13 / DOS 3, Soyuz 12, Soyuz 13, Soyuz 17, Soyuz 18-1, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 26A. Launch Vehicles: Soyuz 11A511, Proton-K, Soyuz-U. Launch Sites: Baikonur. Agency: RVSN, MOM.
Photo Gallery

Salyut 4 rear int.Salyut 4 rear int.
Salyut 4 view of rear interior of station
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 4 toiletSalyut 4 toilet
View of Salyut 4 toilet facility - you always wanted to know how they do it in space...
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 4 Main PanelSalyut 4 Main Panel
Salyut 4 Main Control Panel - adopted unchanged from Soyuz 7K-OK
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 6 modelSalyut 6 model
Salyut 6 model showing cosmonaut on treadmill and bulk of solar camera on the right
Credit: © Mark Wade


Interior of Salyut 4Interior of Salyut 4
Interior of Salyut 4 looking forward.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 4 airlockSalyut 4 airlock
Salyut 4 airlock compartment
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 4 panelSalyut 4 panel
Salyut 4 Control Panel - above and to the right of the main station control panel
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 5
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 4
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz 7K-OKSSoyuz 7K-OKS
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz 7K-TSoyuz 7K-T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz 7K-TSoyuz 7K-T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz InteriorSoyuz Interior
View of Soyuz interior.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz 7K-OKSSoyuz 7K-OKS
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 4Salyut 4
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 1Salyut 1
The Salyut 1 was the world's first space station. It was developed in a crash project that took military Almaz space station hulls and equipped them with Soyuz systems.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 6 EnginesSalyut 6 Engines
Close-up of the engines of Salyut 6 as displayed in Moscow in 1981.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 6Salyut 6
Salyut 6 as displayed in Moscow in 1981.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 6 In SpaceSalyut 6 In Space
Credit: RKK Energia


Salyut 6 CutawaySalyut 6 Cutaway
The Salyut 6 space station was the first evolved design with two docking ports.
Credit: RKK Energia


ProgressProgress
View of the original Progress spacecraft, as displayed in Moscow in 1981.
Credit: © Mark Wade


ProgressProgress
Drawing of the initial version of the Progress refuelling spacecraft.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Progress capsuleProgress capsule
View of the Progress 'Raduga' mini-capsule used for recovery of materials from the Mir station.
Credit: © Mark Wade


ProgressProgress
Drawing of the initial version of the Progress refuelling spacecraft.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Spacesuit OrlanSpacesuit Orlan
Orlan space suit as used on Salyut 7 and Mir space stations.
Credit: Zvezda


Salyut 7Salyut 7
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz 7K-TSoyuz 7K-T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TSoyuz T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz Descent ModuleSoyuz Descent Module
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 1
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 2
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 3
Credit: © Mark Wade


Salyut 6Salyut 6
The Salyut 6 station as displayed in Moscow, November 1981. At the aft end a Progress resupply craft is docked. At the forward docking station is a Soyuz spacecraft, representing Soyuz 34 according to the lettering on the side. Unusually, the Soyuz Ferry (7K-T) spacecraft is shown with solar panels, which was thought never to be the case by Western observers.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz escape rocketSoyuz escape rocket
Soyuz launch escape system
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TSoyuz T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Panel Soyuz 7K-OKPanel Soyuz 7K-OK
Control panel of the initial earth orbit version of Soyuz.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Progress ShroudProgress Shroud
Early Progress launches used the Soyuz shroud. Although the launch escape tour was retained to maintain the proven aerodynamics, the escape motors and grid stabilizers on the side of the shroud were deleted.



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1972 June 26 - . 14:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511.
1972 July 29 - . 03:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC81/23. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K. FAILURE: Second stage malfunction at T+ 162 sec.. Failed Stage: 2.
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1974 August 31 - .
1974 October - .
1974 December 26 - . 04:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC81/24. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1975 January 10 - . 21:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511.
1975 February 10 - .
1975 April 5 - . 11:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511. FAILURE: During second-third stage separation third stage failed to separate from second stage but still ignited.. Failed Stage: 3.
1975 May 24 - . 14:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511.
1975 July 26 - .
1975 November 17 - . 14:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
1977 November - .

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